Adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate

Cyclic peptides are polypeptide chains taking cyclic ring structure, which exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial activity, immunosuppressive activity and anti-tumor activity. Cyclic peptides, with the features of good binding affinity, target selectivity and low toxicity, show great success as therapeutics. Multiple cyclic peptides are currently in clinical use, for examples, gramicidin and tyrocidine with bactericidal activity, cyclosporin A with immunosuppressive activity, and vancomycin with antibacterial activity. Furthermore, cyclic peptides usually have the sufficient size and a balanced conformational flexibility/rigidity for binding to flat protein-protein interaction (PPI) interfaces, which have potential to develop PPI drugs.

MCE offers a unique collection of 84 cyclic peptides, all of which have good bioactivities. MCE Cyclic Peptide Library is a powerful tool for drug discovery and PPI inhibitor screening.

MCE 5K Scaffold Library consists of 5,000 lead-like compounds. Each compound represents one unique scaffold. All compounds are compatible with Lipinski’s rule (Rule of 5) with multiple characteristics such as calculated good solubility (-3.2<logP<5), oral bioavailability (RotB<=10), drug transportability (PSA<120). Compounds contained within the library have been screened to remove any inappropriate chemical structures, avoiding “false hits”. The sufficient diverse of compound structure makes this library a powerful tool for drug screening.

5-HT receptors, also called Serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors are now classified into seven families, 5-HT1–7, comprising a total of 14 structurally and pharmacologically distinct mammalian 5-HT receptor subtypes. The 5-HT receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, andthermoregulation. The serotonin receptors are the target of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs, including many antidepressants, antipsychotics, anorectics, antiemetics, gastroprokinetic agents, antimigraine agents, hallucinogens, and entactogens.

MCE 5-HT Receptor Compound Library consists of 307 5-HT receptor inhibitors and activators, which can be used for neuropsychiatric disorders drugs discovery.

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by progressive dysfunction and death of neurons, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroprotection is an approach to preserve neurons so that neurons cannot be hurt by different pathological factors in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroprotectors are some agonists and antagonists targeting some key targets in neuroprotactive signal pathways, such as calcium and sodium channel blockers, GABA receptor agonists, NMDA receptor Antagonists, etc. Current neuroprotectors cannot reverse existing damage, but they may protect against further nerve damage and slow down any degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) and still play important roles in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1058 compounds with potential neuroprotective activities. These compounds mainly act on some key targets in neuroprotetive signal pathways, such as calcium channel, sodium channel, adenosine A1 receptor, etc. MCE Neuroprotective Compopund Library is a useful tool in neuroprotective drug discovery.

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is well suited for discovering both drug leads and chemical probes of protein function. 3-dimensionality (3D) diversity is pivotal because the molecular shape is one of the most important factors in molecular recognition by a biomolecule. There is a developing appreciation that 3D fragments could offer opportunities that are not provided by 2D fragments.

MCE 3D Diverse Fragment Library consists of 5,196 non-flat fragment-like molecules (average Fsp3 value 0.58). More than 4,700 fragment compounds contain at least one chiral center in the structure. The key concepts that underlie the library design were 3D shape, structural diversity, reactive functionality and fragment-like. This 3D Diverse Fragment Library brings higher fragment hit optimization and increases the likelihood to find innovative hits in FBDD.

Neuronal Signaling is involved in the regulation of the mechanisms of the central nervous system (CNS) such as its structure, function, genetics and physiology as well as how this can be applied to understand diseases of the nervous system. Every information processing system in the CNS is composed of neurons and glia, neurons have evolved unique capabilities for intracellular signaling (communication within the cell) and intercellular signaling (communication between cells). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including 5-HT receptor, histamine receptor, opioid receptor, etc. are the largest class of sensory proteins and are important therapeutic targets in Neuronal Signaling. Besides, Notch signaling, such as β- and γ-secretase, also plays multiple roles in the development of the CNS including regulating neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, survival, self-renewal and differentiation. GPCR dysfunction caused by receptor mutations and environmental challenges contributes to many neurological diseases. Notch signaling in neurons, glia, and NSCs is also involved in pathological changes that occur in disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and CNS tumors. Thus, targeting Neuronal Signaling, such as notch signaling and GPCRs, can be used as therapeutic interventions for several different CNS disorders.

MCE designs a unique collection of 2542 Neuronal Signaling-related compounds that act as a useful tool for the research of neuronal regulation and neuronal diseases.

Natural products are an attractive source with varied structures that exhibit potent biological activities, and desirable pharmacological profiles. The core scaffold of a natural product can also provide a biologically validated framework upon which to display diverse functional groups. Inspired by bioactive natural products, natural product-like compounds, occupying the same chemical space, are ideally suited to explore and to facilitate understanding of biological pathways.

MCE 10K Natural Product-like Compound Library consists of 10,000 natural product-like compounds. Each compound has scaffold of natural products or Tanimoto coefficient >0.6 with natural products. The natural-likeness scoring of these compounds is >-2. What’s more, compounds in the library are drug-like and readily available for re-supply, making it a powerful tool for new drug research and development. It can be widely applied in high-throughput screening (HTS) and high-content screening (HCS).

Alkaloids are a large and complex group of cyclic compounds that contain N. About 2,000 different alkaloids have been isolated. Important alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, atropine, colchicine, ephedrine, quinine, and nicotine. Alkaloids are useful as diet ingredients, supplements, and pharmaceuticals, in medicine and in other applications in human life. They showed anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesics, local anesthetic and pain relief, neuropharmacologic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and many other activities. Alkaloids are also important compounds in organic synthesis for searching new semisynthetic and synthetic compounds with possibly better biological activity than parent compounds.

MCE designs a unique collection of 528 alkaloids that all come from natural products. MCE Alkaloids Library is a useful tool for drug discovery that can be used for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS).

“BioDesign” approach incorporates key structural features of known pharmacologically relevant natural products (e.g. alkaloids and other secondary metabolites) into synthetically feasible medicinal chemistry scaffolds. In order to identify the privileged pharmacophores, ring systems and linkers, we have carried out statistical analysis of structural features of natural products, marketed drugs, and drug candidates.

Saturated, fused ring, spiro, and bridged systems with a tendency towards multiple chiral centers are highly privileged among natural products and marketed drugs yet these structures are very poorly represented in commercial libraries. This library addressed this market need by incorporating these privileged elements into the design of novel synthetic molecules with high molecular framework diversity, multiple stereogenic centers (≥2), and degree of saturation (Fsp3 > 0.5).

Covalent inhibitors are small molecules that can bind specifically to target proteins through covalent bonds and inhibit their biological functions. Although for a long time, covalent targeting has been playing a subordinate role in drug discovery, with an increasing number of reports on successful clinical applications of such drugs, the potential of these agents is now being acknowledged. Currently, cysteine is the most common covalent amino acid residue in a variety of covalent drugs, and various warheads have been developed that can react with cysteine, providing the key building blocks for covalent drugs to form covalent bonds.

To meet the development needs of covalent inhibitors targeting cysteine, MCE has designed a unique collection of 4522 compounds with different covalent warheads that target cysteine. The MCE Cysteine Targeted Covalent Library is designed using the following covalent warheads: Acrylamides, Propiolic acid ester, Dimethylamine functionalized acrylamides, Chloroacetamides, Acrylonitrile, 2-Cyanoacrylamide, Aziridine, Haloacetamide, etc.

Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic organic compounds which contain at least one hetero atom, the most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen ,and sulfur. Heterocycles are common in biology, featuring a wide range of structures from enzyme co-factors to amino acids and proteins. On the one hand, heterocycles are common structural units in approved drugs and in medicinal chemistry targets in the drug discovery process. In addition, heterocycles have been found as a key structure in medical chemistry and also they are frequently found in large percent of biomolecules such as vitamins, natural products ,and biologically active compounds including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, anticancer activity.

MCE offers a unique collection of 5986 heterocyclic compounds which can be used for drug discovery for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS). MCE heterocyclic compound library is critical for drug discovery and development.

MCE adhesive aluminium foil plate seals are of strong adhesive that can reduce chance of well-to-well contamination and sample evaporation when applied to microplates. This aluminium foil seal is suitable for long-term storage of samples at -80°C. The high integrity sealing materials give the best protection against evaporation and contamination. The aluminium foil seal features excellent chemical resistance to DMSO and DNase- & RNase- free. MCE adhesive foil seal is pierceable, peelable and easy-to-use.

Membrane receptors, also known cell surface receptors or transmembrane receptors, are transmembrane proteins embedded into the plasma membrane which play an essential role in maintaining communication between the internal processes within the cell and various types of extracellular signals. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules, which are also called ligands. These extracellular molecules include hormones, cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, lipophilic signaling molecules such as prostaglandins, and cell recognition molecules.

There are three kinds of membrane receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors and G-protein-linked receptors. They play important roles in keeping human normal physiologic processes. GPCRs and ion channels are important drug targets in drug discovery.

MCE provides a unique collection of 4627 compounds targeting a variety of membrane receptors. MCE Membrane reeptor-targeted Compound Library can be used for membrane receptor-focused screening and drug discovery.

A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. Membrane proteins can be classified into two groups based on how the protein is associated with the membrane: integral membrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins. In humans, about 30% genome encodes membrane proteins. Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms, for example, signal transduction, molecules or ion transportation, enzymatic catalysis, and intercellular communication. Membrane proteins also play important roles in drug discovery. As reported, more than 60% of current drug targets are membrane proteins.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 6853 compounds targeting a variety of membrane proteins. MCE Membrane Protein-targeted Compound Library can be used for membrane protein-focused screening and drug discovery.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative brain disease which causes mental and physical decline, gradually resulting in death. Despite the significant public health issue that it poses, only few medical treatments have been approved for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and these act to control symptoms rather than alter the course of the disease. Discovery of new therapeutic approaches depends on the study of pathology of AD. Recent research findings have led to greater understanding of disease neurobiology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and identification of unique targets for drug development. Several important mechanisms have been proposed to explain the underlying pathology of AD, such as Amyloid cascade hypothesis, Tau hypothesis and Cholinergic hypothesis, etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1374 compounds with anti-Alzheimer’s Disease activities or targeting the unique targets of AD. MCE Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Compound Library is a useful tool for exploring the mechanism of AD and discovering new drugs for AD.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the presence of α-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Motor features such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability are common traits of PD. To date, there is no treatment to stop or at least slow down the progression of the disease. The etiology and pathogenesis of PD is still elusive, however, a large body of evidence suggests a prominent role of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and proteasome dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1339 compounds with anti- Parkinson’s Disease activities or targeting the unique targets of PD. MCE Anti- Parkinson's Disease Compound Library is a useful tool for exploring the mechanism of PD and discovering new drugs for PD.

Programmed cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, are regulated by unique sets of host proteins that coordinate a variety of biological outcomes. Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response. This process promotes the rapid clearance of various bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan infections by removing intracellular replication niches and enhancing the host's defensive responses. Pyroptosis has been widely studied in inflammatory and infection disease models. Recently, there are growing evidences that pyroptosis also plays an important role in the development of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and Metabolic disorder, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1256 pyroptosis-related compounds mainly focusing on the key targets in the pyroptosis signaling pathway and can be used in the research of pyroptosis signal pathway and related diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and life-threatening conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. Some common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Motor Neuron Disease (MND), Huntington’s Disease (HD), Spino-Cerebellar Ataxia (SCA), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Because the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders is generally poorly understood, it is difficult to identify promising molecular targets and validate them. At the same time, about 85% of the drugs fail in clinical trials. Therefore, validating new targets and discovering new drugs to mitigate neurodegenerative disorders is need of the hour.

MCE offers a unique collection of 2228 compounds with anti-Neurodegenerative Diseases activities or targeting the unique targets of neurodegenerative diseases. MCE Neurodegenerative Disease-related Compound Library is a useful tool for exploring the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and discovering new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.

GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals. Binding of a signaling molecule to a GPCR results in G protein activation, which in turn triggers the production of any number of second messengers. GPCRs play an important role in the human body, and increased understanding of these receptors has greatly affected modern medicine. In fact, researchers estimate that between one-third to one-half of all approved drugs act by binding to GPCRs. GPCRs are a large group of drug targets in drug discovery.

MCE provides a unique collection of 2286 small molecules targeting GPCRs that can be used in the screening for various GPCRs-related research and drug development projects.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic enveloped positive- strand RNA virus (family Flaviviridae) that infects the parenchymal cells of the liver. HCV infection is a significant public health burden. Globally, an estimated 71 million people have chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A significant number of those who are chronically infected will develop cirrhosis or liver cancer. To date, there is no vaccine against HCV, and combination pegylated alpha interferon (pIFN-) and ribavirin, the main standard-of-care treatment for HCV, is effective in only a subset of patients and is associated with a wide spectrum of toxic side effects and complications. More recently, new therapeutic approaches that target essential components of the HCV life cycle have been developed, including direct-acting antiviral (DAA) that specifically block a viral enzyme or functional protein and host-targeted agents (HTA) that block interactions between host proteins and viral components that are essential to the viral life cycle. However, the genetic diversity of HCV viruses and the stage of liver disease (i.e., cirrhosis) are revealing themselves as obstacles for effective, pan-genotypic treatments. There still exists a need for the discovery and development of new HCV inhibitors. In particular, since the future of HCV therapy will likely consist of a cocktail approach using multiple inhibitors that target different steps of infection, new antivirals targeting all steps of the viral infection cycle.

MCE offers a unique collection of 283 compounds with identified and potential anti-HCV activity. MCE Anti- Hepatitis C Virus Compound Library is a useful tool for discovery new anti-HCV drugs and other anti-infection research.

MCE 50K Diversity Library consists of 50,000 lead-like compounds with multiple characteristics such as calculated good solubility (-3.2<logP<5), oral bioavailability (RotB<=10), drug transportability (PSA<120). These compounds were selected by dissimilarity search with an average Tanimoto Coefficient of 0.52. There are 36,857 unique scaffolds and each scaffold 1 to 7 compounds. What’s more, compounds with the same scaffold have as many functional groups as possible, which make abundant chemical spaces. This exceptionally diverse library is highly recommended for random screening against new as well as popular targets based its novel, diverse scaffolds, abundant chemical spaces and the convenience for subsequent modification.

The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is central to signaling by cytokine receptors, a superfamily of more than 30 transmembrane proteins that recognize specific cytokines, and is critical in blood formation and immune response. Canonical JAK/STAT signaling begins with the association of cytokines and their corresponding transmembrane receptors. Activated JAKs then phosphorylate latent STAT monomers, leading to dimerization, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding. In mammals, there are four JAKs (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2) and seven STATs (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5a, STAT5b, STAT6). Since the JAK/STAT pathway plays a major role in many fundamental processes, such as apoptosis and inflammation, dysfunctional proteins in the pathway may lead to a number of diseases. For example, alterations in JAK/STAT signalling can result in cancer and diseases affecting the immune system, such as severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID).

MCE provides 423 compounds that can be used in the study of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and related diseases.

Dopamine receptor (DAR), widely distributed in the brain, plays a key role in regulating motor function, motivation, driving force and cognition. The role of DA is mediated by D1-type (D1, D5) and D2-type receptors (D2S, D2L, D3, D4), which are distributed in presynaptic, postsynaptic and extrasynaptic, projection neurons and interneurons. Each receptor has a different function. D1 and D5 receptors couple with G stimulation sites and activate Adenylyl cyclase. The activation of Adenylyl cyclase leads to the production of the second messenger cAMP, which leads to the production of protein kinase A (PKA), which leads to further transcription in the nucleus. D2 to D4 receptors are coupled to G inhibitory sites to inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate potassium Ion channel. These receptors utilize phosphorylation cascades or direct membrane interactions to affect the functions of voltage-gated and neurotransmitter-gated channels, cytoplasmic enzymes, and transcription factors. Dopamine receptor plays an important role in daily life.

MCE designs a unique collection of 195 small molecules related to dopamine receptor. It is a good tool for screening drugs from nervous system disease.

Animal disease models are used in a variety of settings in basic research, such as studies on mechanisms of disease progression and evaluation new drugs. Animal models can be broadly classified into five categories: 1) experimental, 2) spontaneous, 3) negative, 4) orphan, 5) genetically engineered. Experimental models, which are induced artificially in the laboratory, are most common. Some small molecular compounds are usually used as inducers for animal models, such as Ceruletide for inflammatory model, Azoxymethane for tumor model. These inducers are useful tool in building animal models.

MCE offers a unique collection of 50 animal model inducers, involving inflammatory model, tumor model, nervous disease model, etc. MCE Animal Disease Model library is a powerful tool for the establishment of animal disease models.

MAPK families play an important role in complex cellular programs like proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. In mammalian cells, four MAPK families have been clearly characterized: ERK1/2, C-Jun N-terminal kinse/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) , p38 kinase and ERK5. They respond to different signals. Each MAPK-related cascade consists of three enzymes that are activated in series: a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and a MAP kinase (MAPK). MAPK signaling pathways has been implicated in the development of many human diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and various types of cancers.

MCE designs a unique collection of 510 MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors that act as a useful tool for MAPK-related drug screening and disease research.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane binding structures that are released from cells into the surrounding environment and play a crucial role in mediating and regulating intercellular communication related to physiological and pathological processes. EVs are lipid membrane vesicles composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can be divided into several types based on their source, such as extracellular vesicles, microcapsules, and apoptotic vesicles. The size range of exosomes is 30-150nm, which are endocrine in multi vesicular endosomes (MVEs); microvesicles (50-1000nm) are secreted directly through extracellular interactions, thereby releasing plasma membrane vesicles. In contrast, apoptotic bodies are usually larger, ranging in size from 1 to 5 μ m. This is generated during programmed cell death. EV plays a crucial role in transmitting information between cells and influencing the behavior and function of receptor cells.

MCE designs a unique collection of 401 small molecules related to extracellular vesicles (EVs). It is a good tool to be used for research on metabolize, cancer and other diseases.

Tuberculosis (TB), usually caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO), 10 million people suffer from tuberculosis every year, and 1.5 million people die of tuberculosis every year, which makes tuberculosis the number one killer of infectious diseases.

Tuberculosis can be cured through the standard 6-month course of treatment of four kinds of antibiotics. Common drugs include rifampicin and isoniazid. In some cases, TB bacteria do not respond to standard drugs, that is, patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. The treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis takes longer and is more complex. In the face of the resurgence of tuberculosis in the world and the rapid emergence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis, it is very important to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs or new clinical treatment schemes for existing anti mycobacterium drugs.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 94 compounds with clear anti-tuberculosis activity. MCE Anti-tuberculosis Compound Library is a useful tool for anti-tuberculosis related research and anti-tuberculosis drug development